In the described projection, Clarke 1866 ellipsoid is used with latitude origin at the equator and longitude origin at the central meridian; which projection is this?

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The key idea is a transverse orientation: when the longitude origin is set to a central meridian and the latitude origin is the equator, you’re describing a Transverse Mercator setup. Universal Transverse Mercator uses exactly that arrangement in each zone, with the central meridian serving as the longitude origin and the equator as the latitude origin. Clarke 1866 is just the ellipsoid mentioned here; the essential geometry is the Transverse Mercator form, which is why this describes UTM.

Mercator is a cylindrical projection, not oriented around a central meridian in the transverse sense. Lambert Conformal Conic relies on standard parallels and a conic surface, not a central meridian as the longitude origin. Azimuthal Equidistant centers the projection on a point, not on a meridian.